A Concise
Encyclopaedia of Hinduism
Of late, study of Hinduism is drawing the attention of scholars both on India and from other countries. However, books on general Hinduism covering all aspects are hard to find. This encyclopaedia is expected to remedy this problem to a considerable extent. The subjects dealt with are religion. philosophy, mythology, rituals, scriptural works, festivals and pilgrim centres, astrology, biographies of religious personalities, iconography temples and religious institutions. Buddhism Janism and Sikhism which are closely allied to Hinduism have also been dealt with briefly. It is earnestly hoped that the students of Hinduism will find this work useful in understanding the essence of Hinduism in the right spirit.
भगवद्रामकृष्णेन पूजिता या सरस्वती ।
तस्याः श्रीसारदादेव्याः पदे ग्रन्थस्समर्पितः ॥
bhagavdrāmakṛṣṇena pūjitā yā sarasvatī ।
tasyāḥ śrīsāradādevyāḥ pade granthassamarpitaḥ ॥
This work is dedicated at the feet of Śrī Sāradā devī who was worshipped by Bhagavān Śrī Rāmakṛṣṇa himself as Sarasvatī (the goddess of learning)
Swami Harshanandaji, the author of this work, is a senior monk of the Ramakrishna Monastic Order. He was posted as the President of the Bangalore Ashrama in May 1989 and is continuing as such. The Swami is an initiated disciple of Swami Virajananda, the sixth President of the Order. He was ordained sannyasa in 1962 by Swami Vishuddhananda, the eighth President of the Order. He has worked in several centres of the Ramakrishna Math such as those in Mangalore, Mysore, Belur Math and Allahabad.
Swami Virajananda (6th President)
Swami Vishuddhananda (8th President)
Swami Ranganathananda (13th President)
Swami Gahanananda (14th President)
Swami Atmasthananda (15th President)
Preface to the Three Volume Edition
Hinduism is a great religion. The traditionalists however prefer to call it ‘Sanātana Dharma’. Perhaps, this is a far better term that reflects its true meaning and significance. The word dharma is generally used to denote religion, the path to perfection or beatitude. ‘Sanātana’ means ‘ancient’ as also ‘eternal’. Hence the expression means ‘the religion or the path of spiritual discipline that is not only ancient but also eternal’. In other words, Hinduism has been offering an unbroken continuous tradition of spiritual discipline which is not only very ancient but also relevant even to the modern times. The beauty of this tradition is that it proffers several alternatives that can suit different types of sādhakas (aspirants) instead of prescribing the same cap for every head. Thus, starting from the aspirant at the highest rung of the spiritual ladder who is fit to meditate on the non-dual Brahman (the Absolute), right up to the tyro worshipping the images, everyone has a place specially carved out for him.
Of late, study of Hinduism is drawing the attention of scholars both from India and from other countries. However, books on general Hinduism covering all aspects are not many. Even the few that are available deal with subjects like the Upanisads, the Bhagavadgītā, Vedānta systems and Yoga philosophy in greater detail ignoring other aspects relevant to popular Hinduism.
Hence there is a great need for an exhaustive omnibus type of work.
There were two choices before me:
1. To prepare a comprehensive work with several chapters touching on all aspects of Hinduism.
2. To work on a regular encyclopaedia of Hinduism, arranging the various subjects in the English alphabetical order.
After weighing the pros and cons, I decided in favour of the latter since it would be much easier for the average reader to locate the subject he wants to know. This is now in your hands.
The entries have been arranged in the English alphabetical order. Since most of the subject headings are in Sanskrit, standard diacritical marks as approved by the International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration and based on a standard established by the Congress of Orientalists at Athens in A. D. 1912 have been adopted. However, while arranging the titles in the alphabetical order, the diacritical marks have been ignored to facilitate easy recognition.
As for the subject content, the following are the main topics dealt with in greater detail: religion, philosophy, mythology, rituals, scriptural works, festivals and pilgrim centres.
Other topics described include astrology, biographies of religious personalities, iconography, Sanskrit language and literature, temples and religious institutions.
Care has been taken to deal with the four Vedas, their subsidiary works and allied literature. Several important Vedic Sūktas, yāgas or sacrifices as also unfamiliar concepts and terms have also been described.
Along with the major Upaniṣads and the Mahāpurāṇas, several minor Upaniṣads and the upapurāṇas too have been dealt with.
While the essay on the Rāmāyaṇa is fairly exhaustive, the one on the Mahābhārata is more condensed because of its immense size. However, the various topics dealt with in it like dharma or the minor Gītās or the Yakṣapraśna do find a place as independent articles.
Since most of the āgamas and tantras are still in the manuscript form, justice could not be done to this subject area. Only a few major ones, more well—known, have been delineated.
Since Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism are closely allied to Hinduism they too have been described briefly along with the biographies of their founders.
Now, a word about the language: The Basic Manual of Style given in standard dictionaries has been closely followed as far as possible. Use of capital letters has been minimised. Italics have been used to indicate the titles of books and works as also foreign words. In the body of the work, all Sanskrit words are given in the usual Roman script only except in rare cases where found necessary italics have been used. All references to works quoted have been given in full, avoiding abbreviations.
Line-drawings as also halftone pictures have been given in the body of the work itself under the respective titles. Photographs have been given separately in a bunch at the appropriate places.
Brief biographical notes of the better known Indologists have been given at the end as appendices.
A work of this dimension could not have been accomplished without academic help from various quarters. However, only a select bibliography has been prepared and added at the end. Small booklets and articles which have also been consulted, have not been mentioned since they are too numerous to do so.
This stupendous task, normally undertaken by institutions, has some how been completed—it was started in 1975—solely by the grace of God. It is being dedicated to Śrī Sāradādevī—better known as the Holy Mother—the Divine Spouse of the Divine Lord, Bhagavān Śrī Rāmakṛṣṇa Paramahaṁsadeva.
I earnestly hope that the students of Hinduism as also the Hindu society will find this work useful in understanding the essence of Hinduism in the right spirit.
Bangalore
30 December 2007
Swami Harshananda
Preface to the Supplement
The book, A Concise Encyclopaedia of Hinduism in three volumes, was brought out during May 2008. It was released on the 30th May 2008 by Bharat Ratna Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam at an impressive function in the presence of a very large gathering of scholars, devotees and distinguished persons.
During this release function, Dr. Kalam had suggested that supplements can be brought out as and when new material is discovered or gathered.
This supplement is sequel to it. It contains some of the subjects omitted in the earlier volumes as also plenty of new material, especially related to the tantra-literature.
The entire system of arrangements adopted in the earlier volumes has been continued here also.
Though this is small volume, the same standard of excellence in printing and getup as in the earlier volumes has been maintained.
We hope that the admirers of Hindu values of life will find this small book also useful.
Bangalore
3 March 2014
Swami Harshananda
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